Promulgation of the “climate and resilience” law - [CDURABLE.info]
– Climate and Resilience Law published in the Official Journal
– File detailing the majority of the measures and presenting an exhaustive summary of the nearly 300 articles of the law.
REMINDER OF SOME KEY MEASURES THAT BRING ECOLOGY INTO OUR LIVES
BETTER-INFORMED CITIZENS
The environmental issue is a central social issue that involves understanding and mastering the fundamentals from school. 78% of French people also say that they do not have enough ecological information on what they consume.
Affirmation of the fundamental and continuous role of education in sustainable development, from primary to high school
A dedicated committee in each establishment will schedule environmental awareness activities, which will reinforce the projects of eco-delegates and discovery outings in the great outdoors, for example.
Creation of an eco-score to display the environmental impact of the goods and services consumed by the French
At the end of an experimental phase, the display of the impact on the environment, in particular on the climate, of products and services will be standardized and mandatory.
BETTER REGULATED ADVERTISING
The incitement to the overconsumption of polluting products is contradictory with the ecological transition objectives of society.
Possibility for the mayor to regulate illuminated advertising devices in the window via the local advertising regulations
Mayors will be able to regulate illuminated advertisements located inside shop windows, and visible from the street (regulation of size, allocated space, hours of use, etc.).
Experimentation of the "Yes pub" in voluntary local authorities
Faced with the massive waste of paper, up to 15 voluntary local authorities will experiment for 36 months with the “Oui pub” system: only households that have posted this label on their mailboxes will receive printed matter.
End of advertising for fossil fuels
Advertising for fossil fuels will be banned from the second half of 2022. From 2028, advertising for the most polluting vehicles will also be banned, two years before the end of their sale.
Mandatory inclusion of the climate impact on advertisements
It will be mandatory to indicate the climate impact of products in advertisements, with immediate application in the automotive and household appliance sectors.
LESS PACKAGING IN THE LIFE OF FRENCH PEOPLE
It is estimated that the equivalent of a truckload of plastic waste pours into the sea every minute. Food packaging alone represents 820,000 tonnes of waste per year, or more than 12 kilos per French person.
20% of the sales area devoted to bulk sales by 2030 in large and medium-sized stores (shops with more than 400 m² of sales)
In 10 years, supermarkets will have to organize themselves so that a fifth of their surface is dedicated to bulk. This ambition will mechanically greatly reduce plastic waste and profoundly change the habits of the French.
SUPPORT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGIES
In 2020, renewable energies represented more than 25% of the electricity produced. France is aiming for 40% in 2030.
Development of citizen communities of renewable energies
The next PPE will formally define targets for the production of renewable energies by citizen communities. The State will therefore have to implement the necessary tools to support this production of green energy by and for all.
Extension of the obligation to revegetate or install photovoltaic systems on roofs and car parks
The obligation to install photovoltaics or green roofs during a construction, extension or major renovation will be extended to commercial areas with a drop in the threshold to 500 m² of surface creation. It is also extended to office buildings over 1,000 m² and car parks over 500 m².
A new biogas support framework
Natural gas suppliers must include a share of biogas in the gas they market.
LESS POLLUTED CITIES
Air pollution, mainly linked to nitrogen oxide particles, 70% of which are generated by car traffic and in particular old diesel vehicles, is responsible for 40,000 deaths per year.
Implementation of low mobility emission zones (ZFE-m) in metropolitan agglomerations of more than 150,000 inhabitants by December 31, 2024
All agglomerations with more than 150,000 inhabitants will have to set up a ZFE-m, i.e. 33 new ZFE-m. In the 10 cities that regularly exceed air quality limit values, traffic bans for Crit’air 5 vehicles in 2023, Crit’air 4 in 2024 and Crit’Air 3 in 2025 will be automatically scheduled.
An experiment with a zero-interest loan for the most modest households living in low-emission zones
A zero-rate loan will be tested for two years, starting in 2023, to help the most modest households living in EPZs to finance their change of vehicle, in addition to aid (conversion bonus, ecological bonus , etc.) already planned.
End of sale of vehicles emitting more than 95 gCO2/km in 2030
The sale of cars emitting more than 95 gCO2/km will be banned in 2030, thus setting a trajectory towards 2040. To be fully effective, this measure is also proposed by the European Commission as part of Fit for 55.
Extension of the bonus for conversion to electrically assisted bicycles
It will now be possible to scrap an old thermal vehicle and benefit from assistance for the purchase of an electric bike
LESS PLANES MORE TRAIN
We sometimes take the plane for short distances, even when an alternative by train, less polluting and sometimes faster, exists.
Prohibition of domestic flights when a train journey exists in less than 2h30
Flights will be prohibited when there is an alternative by train in less than 2h30, with the exception of flights mainly taken by connecting passengers to a more distant destination. Train-plane connections at airports will be facilitated, like the recent combined tickets offered by SNCF and AirFrance.
BETTER INSULATED HOUSING
4.8 million households live in poorly insulated homes and construction is responsible for a quarter of the country's greenhouse gas emissions.
Freezing the rent of energy strainers
From 2023, owners of thermal sieves will be obliged to carry out energy renovation work if they wish to increase the rent of their rental accommodation. This is an important first signal before the entry into force of the bans on the rental of the most energy-consuming dwellings.
Ban on the rental of the least well-insulated accommodation
From 2025, it will be forbidden to rent the least well-insulated thermal colanders (classified label G), and from 2028 for the rest of the colanders (classified F). And from 2034, it is E-class accommodation that will be prohibited for rental. These accommodations will thus gradually be considered as indecent under the law. The tenant will then be able to require his landlord to carry out work and several information, incentive and control mechanisms will reinforce this right for the tenant.
Financing of the rest to be paid
All households, even those with the lowest incomes, will have access to a financing mechanism to pay the remainder of their renovation work. This could in particular take the form of loans guaranteed by the State.
LESS LAND CONCRETE
Every 10 years, the equivalent of a department the size of Yvelines disappears under the concrete. Artificialization accelerates the loss of biodiversity, amplifies the risk of flooding, reinforces dependence on private cars.
Division by 2 of the rate of artificialization of soils
The rate of artificialization must be halved by 2030. Net zero artificialization must be achieved by 2050. This measure will be applied by all local authorities.
General principle prohibiting the creation of new commercial areas that would lead to land artificialization
The ban on the construction of new shopping centers, which would artificialize land without demonstrating their necessity according to a series of precise and binding criteria, will be the norm. No exception can be made for sales areas of more than 10,000 m2 and requests for exemption for all projects with a sales area of more than 3,000 m2 will be examined by the prefect.
A MORE SUSTAINABLE FOOD
Livestock farming causes 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions and meat imports contribute to deforestation in countries like Brazil.
Daily choice of a vegetarian menu in state and university canteens, weekly menu in school canteens and experimentation for voluntary communities
Following the experiment provided for by the Egalim law, school canteens will now have to offer a vegetarian menu at least once a week.
State and university canteens that already offer several menus will have to offer a vegetarian option from January 1, 2023.
Volunteering communities will be able to experiment with the daily vegetarian menu and thus enrich the evaluation that will be conducted by the State.
STRENGTHENING JUDICIAL PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Better protecting our ecosystems requires stronger and better equipped environmental justice in the face of the degradation suffered by nature
Creation of an offense of endangering the environment
From now on, the fact of having exposed the environment to a risk of lasting degradation of fauna, flora or water by violating an obligation of safety or prudence may be punished by 3 years in prison and €250,000 fine. Unlike the general offense of pollution, the sanctions may apply if the behavior is dangerous and the pollution has not taken place.
General offense of environmental pollution (flora, fauna and air, soil or water quality) and offense of ecocide for the most serious cases
The most serious attacks intentionally committed to the environment will be punishable by a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison and a fine of 4.5 million euros (22.5 million euros for legal persons) , or even a fine of up to ten times the profit obtained by the author of the damage committed to the environment.
The Climate and Resilience Bill has been adopted at first reading in the Senate. Initially comprising 69 articles, this text now includes more than 200.
The CPME has identified the main points to remember at the end of this visit to the Senate:
– Paris Agreement: the senators introduced an article recalling that, consistent with the Paris Agreement and within the framework of the Green Pact for Europe to which it has subscribed, France undertakes to respect the GHG reduction targets contributing to climate action (article 1 AA)– Environmental display: the display obligation now concerns information relating to environmental impacts, compliance with social criteria and human rights. The display must be visible and accessible to the consumer (from now on cumulative). Penalties are introduced in the event of non-compliance with the provisions relating to this posting. For agricultural, forestry and food products, the consideration of social criteria must make it possible to measure the level of remuneration of producers resulting from the sharing of value throughout the production chain (article 1)– Penalty: the senators prohibit discounts or reductions canceling the effect of the penalty applicable to the most polluting private cars (article 4 bis AAA)– Deliveries: a new article provides that for companies whose Turnover is above a threshold set by decree, consumers should be offered several delivery options (from January 1, 2024). Companies inform consumers of the environmental impact of the deliveries of the products they sell (article 4 bis E)– Indoor advertising: deletion of the article giving local elected officials the power to regulate illuminated advertisements (article 7)– Bulk: several amendments have come to frame this obligation in order in particular to differentiate the objectives to be achieved according to the categories of products, the health and safety requirements of the specificities of the distribution networks … Alcoholic beverages are excluded from this provision (article 11)– Glass deposit: deletion of the definition by decree of a trajectory for the evolution of the minimum proportion of reused glass packaging to be put on the market annually in France. The evaluation of the system will have to be made in consultation with the professions concerned (article 12)– Public contracts: the senators modified the article, in particular on the subject of the conditions for the execution of public contracts which “take into account environmental, social or employment considerations. They may also take into account considerations relating to the economy, innovation or the fight against discrimination” (article 15)– ZFE-M: 5-year postponement of the schedule of schemes traffic restrictions imposed on the ZFE which would still exceed air quality standards with a ban by 1 January 2030 at the latest on diesel vehicles put on the market at the end of 2010 and petrol vehicles put on the market before the end of 2005. criterion of coverage of a major part of the population, targeting the most populated areas, replaces the criterion of major part of the territory covered (article 27)– Sustainable mobility package: a new article provides for increase, in the event of accumulation between the sustainable mobility package and the public transport subscription, the ceiling of the tax advantage resulting from the two aids from 500 to 600 euros per year and per employee (article 29 bis AC)– Diesel: the senators adopted "strengthened support for the energy transition of the road transport sector, in particular through the use of biofuels whose energy and carbon balance is virtuous", "as well as the increase in resources of AFIT (article 30)– Eco-contribution: a contribution based on the RFT would be put in place in the event that the latter fails to significantly reduce its GHG emissions by 2028 (methods tested for two years after consultation with all stakeholders, regions and departments (article 32)– E-commerce: a new article has been introduced creating a label making it possible to identify e-commerce companies engaged in a sustainable logistics approach (entry into force no later than 1 January 2024) (article 33 quater)– Domestic flights: exemptions to the ban on domestic flights of less than 2h30 when the alternative by train is possible have been adopted,when air services mainly transport connecting passengers (article 36)– Building renovation: postponement to 2040 instead of 2034 of the recognition of buildings classified E as indecent accommodation likely to be prohibited for hire (article 42)– Commercial areas: warehouses dedicated to e-commerce are subject to a commercial operating permit when their floor area is greater than 5,000 m2 and they are not located on a wasteland. The senators also substituted the concept of footprint for that of sales area. (article 52)– Environmental damage: confirmation in article 68 of the deletion of the term ecocide.
– www.cpme.fr
Bill adopted by the Senate
the “climate and resilience” bill adopted by the Senate enriched by the main recommendations of the fact-finding mission on freight transport
40 proposals were adopted on May 19, 2021 by the information mission relating to the transport of goods in the face of environmental imperatives in order to initiate the transition of a sector too often forgotten by public policies.
The “climate and resilience” bill adopted by the Senate at first reading provided an opportunity for several of these proposals to be translated into legislation, at the initiative of the mission’s rapporteurs, Remy Pointereau and Nicole Bonnefoy.
Several amendments were thus adopted in committee and in public session, in particular to:
– Enshrine in law the objective of doubling the modal share of rail and river freight by 2030 and define a strategy for developing freight transport by mass modes every five years subject to annual monitoring (article 30 ter);– Reducing nuisances linked to the transport of goods by road, by mapping escape routes, defining an action plan for each of these routes by 2023 and the possible establishment of nuisance reduction zones (article 27 bis AAA);– Support road hauliers in the energy transition of the heavy goods vehicle fleet, by setting up a zero-rate loan for “clean” heavy goods vehicles (article 31 A) and by extending the additional amortization for light commercial vehicles and heavy vehicles with alternative engines until 2030 (article 31 B); – Make consumers aware of the environmental impact of their deliveries, through the obligation to inform them of the emissions linked to their deliveries (article 4 bis E), the ban on displaying the mention “free delivery” (article 4 bis D), or even the creation of a label aimed at identifying e-commerce companies committed to a sustainable logistics approach (article 33 quater).
The Essentials of the Report
– Download the main report
Report of the High Council for Climate: The Government fully mobilized to accelerate the fight against climate change and strengthen the resilience of the territories
The Government welcomes the in-depth work of the third annual report of the High Council for Climate, which provides an independent perspective on the consideration of climate issues in public policies.
Jean Castex, accompanied by Barbara Pompili, Minister for the Ecological Transition, received Corinne Le Queré, President of the High Council for the Climate, on June 28, who gave them and presented her 2021 annual report. This report provides an update on the evolution of greenhouse gas emissions and on France's climate policies. It includes an analysis of sectoral developments in the five main emitting sectors in France: transport, buildings, industry, agriculture and energy transformation and for the first time an analysis of emissions by region and recommendations in terms of public policies for the management of adaptation to climate change.
In this third annual report, the HCC reports positive progress, particularly structural, in the actions taken by the Government in the fight against climate change. Thus the HCC:
– Highlights an increase in emissions reductions over 2019. Consolidated data shows that France has reduced its emissions by 1.9% (and not by 1.7% as announced so far). Our goal of reducing emissions by 20% in 2020 compared to 1990 levels was thus achieved in 2019.
– Highlights progress, some of it structural, particularly in the building, industry and energy transformation sectors. These sectors are committed to reducing their emissions, which should accelerate in the coming years. In construction, the Climate & Resilience provides many additional measures, such as the establishment of free support for French people who want to renovate their homes, which will accelerate the achievement of our objective.
– Also believes that the post-pandemic recovery plan “is well positioned on a global scale”, with 30 billion euros dedicated to the ecological transition
– Notes the efforts made by the government in terms of monitoring and evaluating public policies, through a set of public indicators for monitoring the national low-carbon strategy (SNBC) is thus described as “notable innovation in the monitoring of government action” and transparency;
– Welcomes the publication of the first ministerial climate action plans (Ministry of Ecological Transition, Ministry of Economy, Finance and Recovery, Ministry of Agriculture and food) which "show an effort towards better consistency of public policies". The action plans of the other departments will be published in the summer.
In this positive dynamic, the HCC emphasizes that achieving the 2030 target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the path to carbon neutrality by 2050 will still require major changes in climate policies.
The Government takes note of the HCC's recommendations, particularly in terms of finance and public aid (rules on the conditionality of public aid in relation to the climate; long-term planning of climate investments, etc.) and the efforts to be intensified in the transport and agricultural sectors where greenhouse gas emissions are struggling to be reduced at the expected pace.
In addition, in the context of the new European climate law setting the European Union a net emissions reduction target of 55% by 2030, the HCC notes that an increase in France's ambition is necessary “so that France can respond to future European challenges, maintain its credibility in international negotiations”. France, which was at the origin of this European increase in climate ambition and among the first to set itself a carbon neutrality objective, will play its full part in it.
These guidelines will be at the heart of the debates over the coming months with the preparation of a climate energy programming law which will be adopted in mid-2023 and the revision of the National Low Carbon Strategy (SNBC). The government also notes the HCC's call for the adoption of a long-term strategy to preserve French forests, which are suffering from climate change even though they are a carbon sink.
In addition, faced with the resurgence of extreme weather and climate events, the attention of the HCC has for the first time focused on issues of adaptation to climate change. On this aspect, the government shares the HCC's analysis of the need to strengthen frameworks for analyzing public policies for adaptation to climate change.
The Government will carefully study all of the HCC's recommendations, to which it will provide a detailed response within six months. These elements will also be communicated to Parliament and to the Economic, Social and Environmental Council.
2021 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE HIGH COUNCIL FOR THE CLIMATE
– Download the report of the High Council for the Climate
– Climate action plan of the Ministry of Ecological Transition
See also:
– SNBC Indicators
– Climate action plan of the Ministry of Economy and Finance
– www.ecologie.gouv.fr
Climate and resilience law: Fair trade recognized in its dual dimension, social and ecological.
The "Climate and Resilience" law, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 in the spirit of social justice, was enacted on August 24th. Articles 257 and 275 officially recognize the role of fair trade in accelerating the ecological and social transition of our agriculture and our food and reinforces its guarantees to consumers against Greenwashing. Fully defended by the Commerce Equitable France collective, which brings together the main players in the sector, these measures represent undeniable progress for fair trade:
– 1. Fair trade at the service of agroecology.
Article 275 (Chapter II - Developing agroecology) changes the legal definition of fair trade framed by the ESS law of 2014. Until then articulated around its historic mission of fair remuneration for producers, it now adds a key principle: promoting production methods that respect the environment and biodiversity, such as agroecology. Commerce Equitable France has published a note on the subject.
– 2. Compulsory labels against Green and Fairwashing.
This same article makes the use of a state-recognized label mandatory for all companies claiming fair trade. The guarantee of reliable and readable information is essential to guide and secure consumer choices and is consistent with the proposal of the Citizens' Climate Convention. This measure aims to prevent abuses by companies tempted to use the terminology “fair trade” without implementing all the requirements set out in the law.
– 3. For healthy and sustainable food: more fair trade in collective catering.
Finally, Article 257 (Chapter VI - Eating) ratifies the inclusion of fair trade products in the list of products eligible for the 50% healthy and sustainable diet that must be achieved by public and private collective catering .
Fair trade: a proven solution
In international and French sectors, fair trade has its place in the law in more ways than one. Impact studies demonstrate positive results in terms of social justice (fair and stable remuneration for producers), economic development (growth of the sector and the jobs associated with it) and acceleration of the ecological transition (acceleration of conversions to organic and in agroforestry).
> Detailed note on the fair trade regulatory framework.
Fair Trade in 2020
Significant growth despite the crisis: in 2020, sales of fair trade products increased by 12%. Fair trade represents for the first time 1.83 billion euros in annual sales in France.
The success of the French sectors: sales of fair trade products “origin in France” experienced growth of 21.6%. In 3 years, French fair trade sectors have more than doubled.
The success of both fair trade and organic products: 90% of “international sector” fair trade products also have the organic label (+6 points) and 59% of “French origin” fair trade products are also organic (versus 47% “only” in 2018).
Distributors who are committed: 54% of fair trade products are distributed in supermarkets for international sectors. For the French sectors, the increase is particularly significant and the weight of distribution in supermarkets increases from 14% in 2018 to 29% in 2020.
– www.commercequitable.org
The climate law, real loser of the week for FNE
"The worst is yet to come, with implications for the lives of our children and our grandchildren much more than for ours" indicates the IPCC in the extracts of its future report. The senators have just voted the climate and resilience bill, which was to translate the proposals of the Citizens' Climate Convention. Announced objective: to put France on the right trajectory to achieve the climate objectives set by international conventions. But the initial bill was insufficient, the deputies did not significantly improve it, nor did the senators take their share of responsibility to prepare our country for the ecological emergency and the major changes that wait. Pressures from all sides and immediate concerns: 1 – Climate and environment: 0.
Victory for advertising and soil artificialisation, defeat for the energy transition
In the war against useless plastic and paper, the Senate plays in the camp of waste: it has abolished the experimentation of the "Yes pub" device, a first timid step towards less advertising imposed in our mailboxes, and the ban on polystyrene packaging from 2025, which is so necessary for our oceans.
In the fight against soil artificialization, a major cause of the disappearance of biodiversity, the senators did not want to risk anger: they made the objective of "zero net artificialization" in 2050 only incentive, not binding .
The energy transition is also in jeopardy, with both measures aimed at making the development of renewable energies more complex (in particular the power given to mayors to refuse a wind project) and their ironic corollary: the ban the shutdown of nuclear reactors in the absence of equivalent renewable energy production capacity.
Significant setbacks have also been voted in terms of transport, a sector that is nevertheless the most emissive: the abolition of the tax advantage for the transport of goods by road, a key measure to make the transport of goods by rail or river more attractive and improve air quality, is made even more hypothetical (it was already planned only for the next mandate). The possibility for regions that so wish to ask road hauliers to contribute financially to offset their negative effects (air pollution, carbon emissions, road deterioration, etc.) has been removed.
Concerning food, despite the convergent demands of NGOs and the French meat production industry for a policy encouraging people to eat less meat but of better quality, the senators have canceled the continuation of the experiment on vegetarian menus (it will just be extended).
In legal matters, one of the few useful provisions, that on the environmental summary, has been deleted. However, it could have made it possible to avoid these many cases where bulldozers go faster than justice. Too often still, projects are declared illegal when the destruction has already taken place (last example, the great western bypass of Strasbourg).
Protecting rivers, preserving forests: missed opportunities
Many of our suggestions to improve the text were rejected. In particular, we deplore the refusal of a National Education Plan for Ecological Transition and more demanding measures to preserve our forests and adapt them to climate change, the absence of an obligation for progressive and beneficial renovation for all, and a offense of endangering the environment still impossible to implement.
No improvement for our rivers either: after much debate, the senators finally retained the provision voted in the National Assembly putting the rivers in danger. The owners of mills who so wish will no longer be able to ask the State for aid to clear the thresholds which hinder the rivers. This serious questioning of the policy of restoring ecological continuity, on the pretext of the development of renewable energy with a derisory balance sheet, recorded in the Assembly, is confirmed by the Senate.
Shy progress on sustainable mobility and photovoltaics
On certain subjects, the senators were able to make progress on the text. To be emphasized first of all: their definition of an efficient renovation of a dwelling (A/B label) is to be welcomed, whereas the government wishes to be content with level C. Unfortunately, the means of achieving this, such as an obligation of renovation (initial request of the 150 citizens) have been set aside and the ban on the rental of colanders has been pushed back, leaving little hope of achieving the BBC objective of the built stock in 2050.
Also note that they have extended the obligation to install photovoltaic panels to certain car parks. Responding to a request from France Nature Environnement, they specified that the State-region plan contracts should contribute to giving the regions the means to achieve their energy transition objectives.
Similarly, the national food program will include actions to encourage a balance in the consumption of vegetable and animal proteins.
Other long-standing requests from NGOs finally satisfied: the reduction of VAT to 5.5% for rail transport, in order to make this low-emission mode of transport more accessible and the possibility of combining the sustainable mobility package (help of the employer for journeys by bicycle or carpooling) with the reimbursement of the subscription to public transport.
For Arnaud Schwartz, President of France Nature Environnement: "Bogged down in immediate concerns, pressure from all sides and political quarrels, the senators have not been able, for the most part, to gain height and see the issue: the ecological transition is inevitable for the future of humanity! The longer we push it back, the harder it will be. The latest IPCC report is very clear and the next one is likely to be extremely scathing. We call on the government and the deputies not to rush this law to complete it before the summer: the subject is too important. Next step: passage of the bill in the Joint Joint Commission, on July 12. If it is conclusive, the law will be promulgated...as is.
France Nature Environnement is the French federation of associations for the protection of nature and the environment. She is the spokesperson for a movement of 5,837 associations present throughout France, in mainland France and overseas.
– https://fne.asso.fr/
Climate and resilience: the Senate adopted the bill with amendments
Tuesday, June 29, 2021, in public session, the Senate adopted, with amendments, the bill to combat climate change and building resilience to its effects by 193 votes in favor and 100 against (see open ballot).
The amendments introduced by the Senate aim in particular to:
Advertising
Social and solidarity economy
Wind turbines
Renewable and carbon-free energies
Transportation & energetic transition
Energy renovation of buildings
Soil artificialization
Retreat of the coastline
Food
Agri-environmental transition
Judicial protection of the environment
Deeper
– The rapporteurs:
– The report by Marta de Cidrac, Pascal Martin and Philippe Tabarot made on behalf of the Commission for Regional Planning and Sustainable Development (Volume I– II – III - IV and its synthesis)
– The report for opinion by Jean-Baptiste Blanc, Daniel Gremillet, Dominique Estrosi Sassone and Anne-Catherine Loisier, drawn up on behalf of the Economic Affairs Committee (Volume I – II and its summary )
– The opinion of Stéphane Le Rudulier made on behalf of the Law Commission and its summary
– The opinion of Michel Laugier, made on behalf of the Committee on Culture, Education and Communication and its summary
– The opinion of Christine Lavarde made on behalf of the Finance Committee and its summary
– Detailed follow-up on the press area;
– Legislative file;
– Reports and video of the debates in public session.
